hydrocele

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A hydrocele is an accumulation of fluid in the scrotum . This condition is common in newborns and usually disappears without treatment by the age of one.

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What is it?

A hydrocele is an accumulation of fluid in the scrotum . This condition is common in newborns and usually disappears without treatment by the age of one.

A hydrocele does not affect testicular function and is caused by fluid passing through an opening that connects the abdominal cavity to the inguinal region. Normally, this opening eventually closes, and the fluid is gradually reabsorbed, causing the hydrocele to disappear spontaneously during the first year of life.

When a hydrocele is not congenital but appears during adolescence or adulthood (acquired or "adult type" hydrocele), it is due to the loss of balance between the production and absorption of fluid by the coverings surrounding the testicle, leading to its accumulation.

A hydrocele can be :

  • Communicating: when the communication with the abdomen remains open and allows the passage of fluid in both directions.
  • Non-communicating or cord cyst: when the communication with the abdominal cavity closes and a liquid cyst remains in the duct or in the scrotum.

A hydrocele is perceived as a collection of fluid in the scrotum or groin. It is usually painless and rarely becomes infected.

The symptoms can manifest differently depending on whether it is communicating or non-communicating. In the former case, it is common for parents to report that the scrotum appears normal in the morning, and that it increases in size throughout the day.

When parents consult a doctor with suspected hydrocele, they usually report that the child wakes up with a normal-sized scrotum, but it increases in size throughout the day. This is because, during rest, while the child is lying down, the fluid returns to the abdominal cavity, and during the day, after hours of standing and movement, the fluid descends into the scrotal sac, causing the increase in size to be noticeable.

In a non-communicating hydrocele, the scrotum remains swollen throughout the day without undergoing any changes in size.

The diagnosis of hydrocele is based on medical history and physical examination , reserving ultrasound for those patients who may be difficult to diagnose due to anatomical abnormalities or previous interventions.

Traditionally, hydrocele was diagnosed by transillumination, which involves shining a light into the scrotum to reveal the displaced testicle due to the presence of fluid within the scrotum. Currently, a thorough physical examination by a pediatric surgical pathologist is sufficient to confirm the diagnosis.

In a very high percentage of cases, hydrocele resolves on its own because the connection to the abdominal cavity closes spontaneously and the scrotal fluid is reabsorbed. This usually occurs before the age of one and a half.

From 18-24 months onwards, the chances of the hydrocele resolving on its own are reduced and in these cases surgical intervention is indicated.

The main reason for indicating surgery, according to the Spanish and European guidelines for Pediatric Surgery, is that a hydrocele can lead to an inguinal hernia, since the mechanism by which it occurs is the same.

The surgery is performed through a small incision in the groin crease. Communication with the abdominal cavity is established, the incision is closed, and the contents of the hydrocele are drained. Recovery is usually good, and complications are uncommon.

In the “adult type” hydrocele, the intervention is performed via the scrotum and consists of resecting part of the coverings to prevent the accumulation of fluid and emptying the contents of the hydrocele.

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We treat our patients at the ROC Chamberí clinic and in the HM Hospitals network of centers in Madrid: Sanchinarro, Montepríncipe, Madrid Río, Rivas, Puerta del Sur, Nuevo Belén, Policlínico HM Moraleja and Nuevo Norte. 

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