Can interstitial cystitis or painful bladder syndrome be confused with a urinary tract infection?

Yes. It is often initially confused with a urinary tract infection, as both can cause pain, burning when urinating, urgency, and increased urinary frequency.
However, in interstitial cystitis or painful bladder syndrome, urine cultures are usually negative, as it is not caused by bacteria. When symptoms persist despite receiving antibiotics, this possibility should be considered.